Swansea’s Role in the Battle to Raise Drug Awareness
By Science Correspondent - Oliver Preston
Following a recent push by BBC programming to highlight the effects of drug use, The Waterfront investigates Swansea University’s contribution to the field of narcotics research.
Recreational drugs are at the forefront of our culture. The British Crime Survey for 2009/2010 estimates that 8.6 percent of adults aged 16-59 years old have used illegal drugs. In younger people (aged 16-24) this percentage is much higher, with around 20 percent, that’s an estimated 1.3million people in the UK, using illicit substances. However these figures have been steadily falling in the last 5 years, with only trends for cocaine use rising in the most recent survey.
So what is responsible for this decline? Has the population finally become aware of just how detrimental drug use can be? The consequences of substance abuse are regular additions to popular media. From Trainspotting to Family Guy, TV shows, movies and fictional novels often reference the effects of recreational drugs. However, these accounts are often based on individual experiences, and the science behind the drug use avoids mention. The BBC is currently tackling this issue with a new series, How Drugs Work, which aims to follow the on-drug experiences of users and investigate the neurological and biological changes that occur during use.
The most recently aired episode of the BBC’s series at the time of writing covered the use of ecstasy and its psychoactive compound MDMA (3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine). However does the perspective portrayed by the program give a full view of the psychological effects of MDMA? It could be argued that a much of the airtime was dedicated to demonstrating the immediate (or ‘acute’) effects of ecstasy and significantly less to the long-term (‘chronic’) effects of the drug. These, of course, are highly important aspects of the damaging effects of drugs; the satisfaction of a single cigarette it would be a wonderful indulgence if one were to only look at the short-term effects, and not the data demonstrating the serious health implications to smokers in the long-term.
So what are the chronic effects of MDMA? If you watched the recent episode of How Drugs Work you may have spotted Professor Andy Parrott, a member of the Swansea University Department of Psychology, who was briefly featured, talking on the poly-drug aspects of ecstasy use; how use of one drug may open up routes to the use of multiple substances. However this brief appearance on the program was not reflective of the two hour interview given by Prof. Parrott, and the significance of the MDMA research in recent years to have come out of Swansea University.
One of Parrott’s articles, published in the Journal of Psychopharmacology in 2006 offers a review of the MDMA literature and the ‘Bioenergetic Stress Model’ of MDMA, adapted from an animal model for human drug use by Parrott in 2001. This model highlights the interaction of drug and non-drug factors in the short and long-term, explaining the variability in different people’s reactions to drug use. Long term cognitive damage, memory deficits, psychiatric complications and immune system problems, amongst various others, have all been shown to correlate with lifetime use of ecstasy. Since the proposal of this model several supportive papers have been published by Parrott and colleagues.
In an interview with The Waterfront discussing his appearance on the program, Parrott highlighted a controversial aspect covered by the BBC; the use of ecstasy as a therapeutic aid. Using MDMA in order to alleviate distress raises certain ethical dilemmas. Pro-MDMA therapists suggest that single uses of ecstasy are harm-free and can cause long-term improvements. However Parrott argued against this, saying; “I have asked these people, ‘have you taken ecstasy then?’, to which they reply ‘well...no’.” The risk of addiction, coupled with studies suggesting significant implications of even light ecstasy use, surely speaks against its use in therapy.
You could argue that the BBC’s program’s coverage of the ecstasy experience glorified the drug as a ‘party-aid’, with users partying for the camera all night and suffering a heavy come-down the next day. Most students will have experienced a pretty bad hangover following a night of alcohol, but I’m sure they have been out for a drink or two again sooner or later. However the difference between alcohol and ecstasy is massive. When interviewed, Prof. Parrott likened it to “comparing a Ford Focus to a Ferrari. Millions of people drive Focus’s, and there are a lot more accidents in them. However those few people who drive a Ferrari really put their foot down, and run a much higher risk each time they drive”.
Demonstrating the immediate effects of substance abuse may be similarly ineffective at highlighting just how dangerous drugs such as ecstasy can be. Although much of the information on the chronic effects of drug use is still unknown to the general population, programs such as the BBC’s How Drugs Work are making a significant effort to educate people, particularly the ‘danger-demographic’ of 16-24 year olds, on the risks of drugs.
Parrott is currently in the process of a grant application from the Medical Research Council in order to further support the Bioenergetic Stress Model through study in partnership with the School of Medicine, as well as a collaborative project in association with departments at Liverpool and Bangor. The mission to raise drugs awareness is by no means an easy one; however the backbone of scientific study necessary to underline the acute and chronic effects of even light drug use has received a significant contribution from Andy Parrott, his colleagues and students here in Swansea.
Quick Facts: UK Drug Use and Ecstasy
• 20% of 16-24 year olds have used illegal drugs (British Crime Survey 2009/10)
• Apart from cocaine which is on the rise, use of all other drugs has been falling in the last 5 years.
• As well as policing and legal measures, increased public awareness may be responsible for some of this decrease.
• Awareness of the implications of drug use, particularly in the long-term is relatively low.
• Ecstasy, and its psychoactive compound MDMA, has powerful effects in the brain which leads to its immediate highs, as well as significant impairments in the long-term.
• Research from Swansea University is at the front of increasing understanding of these effects.
Recommended Reading
Swansea University Student's Union
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